佛像网

尺寸: H. 77 cm
年代: 10世纪(910年) 归义军时期 五代
质地: 絲綢
风格: 中原 莫高窟
来源: 伦敦大英博物馆
参阅: 外部链接
鉴赏:
Painted with ink and colours on silk, mounted in frame. Painting depicts the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara standing on a scarlet and white lotus which floats on a stream. The Bodhisattva's raised left hand holds a willow spray, and the right hand carries a bottle. A figure of Amitabha Buddha is in his headdress. To his right is a male youth and to his left a nun. Three cartouches above the figures inscribed with text.

纸本设色，装裱于镜框。画作描绘观音菩萨立于溪流之上红白二色莲台。菩萨左手抬举持杨柳枝，右手托净瓶，冠中有化佛阿弥陀佛。其右侧为童子，左侧为比丘尼。人物上方有三处榜题，内书文字。

出自: 敦煌: 莫高窟: 第17窟

Inscription type: inscription
Inscription position: Front upper left cartouche
Inscription language: Chinese
Inscription content: 1.眾生處代如電光 須臾業盡即無常 2.慈悲觀音濟群品 愛何（河）苦痛作橋梁 3.舍施淨財成真像 光明曜晃彩繪莊（妝） 4.惟願亡者生淨土，三塗免苦上天堂 5.時天復拾載庚午歲七月十五日畢功記
Inscription translation: All things born are unstable as a lightning-flash; They perish as soon as their karma is exhausted, for they have no permanence, But the compassionate Avalokiteshvara recues creatures of everysort; with love, how painstakingly he builds a bridge [to salvation]! Giving insubstantial wealth to make a portrait (zhenxiang), the beams of his light flash and glint in the splendour of a coloured painting. I only pray that the dead may be born in the Pure Land, that they escape the pain of the Three Ways and mount to the Heavenly Halls. Tianfu 10th century, a gengwu year, 15th day of the 7th month finished and inscribed.
Inscription note: Tianfu is a reign title of the Tang dynasty. This shows the Tianfu reign title continued to be used in Dunhuang after the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. Translations from Adamek (2005), pp. 156-160 with minor changes. Adapted from Waley (1931).

Inscription type: inscription
Inscription position: front upper right cartouche
Inscription language: Chinese
Inscription content: 1.南無大慈大悲救苦觀世音菩薩永充供養 2.奉為國界清平法輪常轉二為阿姉師 3. 為(？)亡考妣神生淨土敬造大聖一心供養 Inscription translation: Praise to the great merciful, great compassionate saviour from hardship Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, in perpetual offering. Offered in the hope that the border of the state may be peaceful and that the Wheel of the Law may be continually turned therein. Secondly, on behalf of A zi shi, on behalf of the souls of my deceased parents, that they may be born again in the Pure Land, I reverently made this Great Holy One and offer it wholeheartedly.
Inscription note: Written from left to right

Inscription type: inscription
Inscription position: front centre right
Inscription language: Chinese
Inscription content: 亡弟識（試）殿中監張有成一心/供養
Inscription translation: Deceased younger brother (probationary) Chamberlain Zhang Youcheng, offering wholeheartedly

Inscription type: inscription
Inscription position: back left
Inscription language: Chinese
Inscription content: 1.南無觀世音菩薩一軀奉為故普光寺法律臨壇尼大德嚴會兼故弟試 2.殿中監張友誠二貌（邈）真一心供養以偈贊曰 3.大哉法王 化現無疆 巡數六道 苦處先當 隨念則至 救接尋常 4.代眾生苦 在淨浮場 迥然難見 恆在邊方 隨眾生意 變現難量 5.禮者惑滅 拜者延長 亡過眷屬 不歷塗湯 承菩薩願 影入西方 6.見存眷屬 劫石遐長 7. 時天復拾載庚午七月十五日彩繪大聖一軀兼尼法律貌（邈）真功畢記
Inscription translation: Praise to the figure of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, respectfully offered on behalf of the deceased nun who was Dharma-Vinaya Ordination Admitter (Falu lintan) of Paguang monastery, the Worthy Yanhui, and on behalf of the Probationary Chamberlain Zhang Youcheng. These two portraits (maozhen) are dedicated wholeheartedly, with the following gatha-appreciation (hezan): Great indeed is the Law-King, his manifestations boundless; he roams through the Six Ways, and wherever suffering is, he is there first. When he is evoked he arrives at once, rescue is assured; he takes on the sufferings of beings who dwell in Jambudvipa. Mysterious, hard to discern, yet always at one’s side; according to the minds of beings, he has transformations innumerable. The delusions of those who worship him are extinguished; the lives of those who make obeisance to him are lengthened. May departed loved ones not experience the slough and scalding [cauldron]; may they be the beneficiaries of the Bodhisattva’s vow, and in his shadow enter the Western [Paradise], and may living loved ones’ days be prolonged for endless eons. Colour painting, of the figure of the Great Holy One and the portrait of the nun Dharma-Vinaya [Ordination Admitter], [on such a day] finished and inscribed.
Inscription note: The inscription identifies the left figure as the 'deceased Reverend Nun Yanhui, Admitter to the Dharma and Vinaya in the Monastery of Universal Light', and Zhang Youcheng, is the 'deceased younger brother'.

Inscription type: inscription
Inscription position: back right
Inscription language: Chinese
Inscription content: 亡弟試殿中監張友誠一心供養
Inscription translation: Deceased younger brother probationary Chamberlain Zhang Youcheng offering wholeheartedly

From Whitfield 1983:
爲亡考妣神生淨土敬造大聖一心供養，奉爲國界清平，法輸常轉，二爲阿姉師，南無大慈大悲救苦觀世音菩薩永充供養(根據Waley翻譯，1931年，p26，他以相反順序讀)
初看這個整齊的長篇題記，就可清楚地看出畫家在此觀世音菩薩的小型供養畫的製作上費了不少心思。最重要的題記在畫面右上角，綠色的長方形題箋中，從左開始共三行，記錄如下（參照Fig.7）。
南無大慈大悲救苦觀世音菩薩永充供養
奉爲 國界清平法倫常轉二爲阿姊師
爲亡考妣神生淨土敬造大聖一心供養
在其它的題記—包括附加的兩張貼在繪畫背面（參照Fig.8）紙上的題記中，稱 “姊師”的人，是亡者普光寺法律臨壇尼大德嚴會，她出現在畫面左側，右側的年輕人（參照圖7－3）是她的弟弟試殿中監張有成（裏面的題記中是張有誠）之像。秋山光和教授指出，兩個長篇題記末尾所使用的“畢功記”都是嚴格遵守固定格式寫成的，而且繪畫也同樣依照固定模式來製作。
此畫有幾點值得注意，特別是正面和背面的兩個題記中出現的紀年 “天復拾載庚午”更引人注意。此年號實際只用了四年就結束了，唐王朝本身也在906年滅亡。顯然此時敦煌與中國已經完全隔絕，但受當時最有名的曹家等地方豪族的贊助，大規模的石窟營造得以繼續。畫家精心描繪的嚴會尼和小男孩肖像也許能成爲當時誇耀和虛飾畫風的證據。背面的題記中兩度使用“貌真”一詞，說明是有意描繪的嚴會和張友成的肖像。乍一看這兩者的像，與其他繪畫中所見的描繪供養人像的標準形式基本無差別，然而細緻的描繪體現出衣著的時代特徵。著色鮮豔的嚴會尼的胸帶以及她的紅邊的黑色雲頭履等，多少增添了些華麗。剃髪光頭的美麗青色，與觀世音菩薩的淡青色毛髮協調。年輕的試殿中監張友成的衣裳，長黑色上衣兩邊自腰間向下叉開，露出白色的內衣（參照圖7－3），是此後10世紀的供養人像中常見的樣式。
張友成像臉上可見發粉的膚色暈染，與觀音臉上所使用的顔色相同。而觀音是用濃淡變化的暈染，用同一顔色的濃色線勾勒外沿，是略帶模式化的描繪（參照圖7－2）。這一點，還表現在左右對稱的脖頸和肘部等的線描上，也引人注目。但另一方面，披在肩上的青色頭髮像隨風搖擺的裝飾，顯得格外輕飄。此頭髮的描繪，與第1卷圖16的《藥師淨土圖》等，9世紀的菩薩（參照同一圖16－2）披在肩上的頭髮描繪完全不同。如Waley所述，比起身體，臉部大得有些不成比例，但9世紀中葉的菩薩像（參照第1卷圖23－3）的固定模式已消失。另外，臉部形狀，也從卵形逐漸變成長方形。綠色眉毛深深刻向鼻子，像是要和那棱角感對應，嘴唇兩端稍微往上翹。這種表現，到了10世紀後半葉，逐漸變得更加誇張。這些特徵，對其他作品的年代考證提供了參考，如下一圖所介紹的《地藏菩薩像》（圖8），特別是色彩使用上的類似性，可以看出與此畫是同時期的作品。

Zwalf 1985
The principal inscription in the upper right-hand corner reads: 'Praise to the great merciful, great compassionate saviour from hardship Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva, in perpetual offering. Offered in the hope that the Empire may be peaceful and that the Wheel of the Law may continually turn therein. Secondly, on behalf of my elder sister and teacher, and on behalf of the souls of my deceased parents, that they may be born again in the Pure Land, I reverently made this Great Holy One and with whole heart dedicated it.'

The other inscriptions identify the 'elder sister and teacher' as the deceased Very Reverend nun Yanhui, admitter to the Dharma and Vinaya in the monastery of Universal Light, who is seen on the left, while the young man on the right is named as the probationary Chamberlain Zhang Youcheng, younger brother of the donor.

The pose of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, the flow of his scarf and the attributes of the deity closely resemble those on the prints of Avalokitesvara made in late Tang or early Five Dynasties.